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Posted May 14, 2026 Reviewed by Michelle Quirk
Mental Health Awareness Month arrives every May with familiar appeals: reduce stigma, raise awareness, speak openly, show compassion.
But awareness is not treatment. And compassion means little when people with untreated severe mental illness are left to sleep on sidewalks, cycle through emergency rooms, languish in jails, or die prematurely from neglect, exposure, suicide, addiction, and preventable disease.
America tells itself a reassuring story about mental illness: that we have moved beyond the cruelty of the old asylums. We have embraced civil liberties. We have replaced coercion with humane community care.
But that story is only partly true. We dismantled a deeply flawed system, but we failed to build an adequate one in its place.
The result is a new form of cruelty—neglect dressed up as freedom, abandonment disguised as compassion.
Across the country, people with untreated schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other serious psychiatric illnesses are left at the mercy of diseases that can impair judgment, distort reality, and destroy their very capacity to seek help. Families plead for intervention and are told there is nothing to be done. Doctors are constrained by law, liability, bed shortages, and bureaucracy. Police officers become the default responders to psychiatric crises that they are not trained for.
And too often, intervention comes only after deterioration has become a catastrophe.
We call this “respect for autonomy.” But autonomy means little when illness has robbed a person of the ability to recognize that he is ill. Freedom cannot mean the right to freeze under an overpass, scream at invisible tormentors, or descend into psychosis while everyone with the power to help waits for disaster before they can intervene.
This is not freedom. It is abandonment.
The New York Times recently published a heartbreaking guest essay titled, “Why Is My Son Being Left to Die on the Streets?” In it, a mother describes watching her adopted son, Abraham, descend into schizophrenia after displaying erratic behavior during his senior year of high school.
Like many people with schizophrenia, Abraham did not believe he was ill. He could not be persuaded to accept treatment. But because he was 18—a legal adult—his family had little power to intervene. His parents could see the danger. They could see the illness. They could see the disaster ahead.
The law saw only an adult exercising his rights.
That is the terrible paradox at the center of our mental health system: At the moment a person may be most impaired, most vulnerable, and most in need of protection, the people who love him most are often stripped of the ability to help.
Under current law, families like Abraham’s are frequently forced to wait to seek help until a loved one becomes an imminent danger to himself or others. Even then, involuntary hospitalization is often brief. Continued treatment may require court approval. Long-term psychiatric beds are scarce. Residential treatment options are limited. Community-based services are overburdened. The promise of deinstitutionalization—that people would receive comprehensive care in the community—was never fulfilled at the scale required.
Federal policy has made the problem worse. The Institution for Mental Diseases (IMD) exclusion, a provision of the Social Security Act, restricts Medicaid funding for many psychiatric facilities with more than 16 beds, limiting access to the structured, sustained care that some severely ill patients need.
So families hear the same refrain again and again: “There is nothing we can do.”
But that is not true.
There is much we can do. We simply have not chosen to do it.
Fear, stigma, misunderstanding, and rigid legal doctrines have produced a system that fails the sickest patients most consistently. Privacy laws can keep families in the dark. Hospitals discharge patients before they are stable. Communities lack adequate outpatient services. Courts often act only when crisis has already arisen.
Worst of all, people who lack insight into their own illness are treated as though they are freely choosing the conditions of their own destruction.
This is why untreated severe mental illness is one of the great civil rights failures of our time.
Over the past century, powerful movements have fought discrimination based on race, gender, religion, disability, and sexual orientation. Those struggles expanded our understanding of dignity and justice. Yet people with severe mental illness remain among the most neglected members of society, their suffering obscured by stigma, legal abstraction, and a distorted absolutism about autonomy.
We have mistaken the right to refuse care for the right to be free.
True freedom does not mean the right to deteriorate untreated on the street. It means the right to timely, humane, medically appropriate care. It means access to effective medication, psychotherapy, rehabilitation, supported housing, assertive community treatment, assisted outpatient treatment when necessary, and inpatient or residential care when independent living is impossible.
It means acting before a family is destroyed, before a person is incarcerated, before violence erupts, and before suicide becomes the final symptom of public indifference.
The squalor and abuses of the old asylum system were real. They must never be repeated. But the answer to past cruelty cannot be present-day abandonment. The answer to wrongful confinement cannot be to let people “die with their rights on.”
We need more psychiatric beds. We need serious reform of the IMD exclusion. We need stronger community treatment systems. We need laws that permit earlier intervention when severe illness destroys a person’s capacity for self-protection. We need to involve families while preserving due process. And we need policymakers to recognize untreated psychosis for what it is: not an expression of liberty, but a medical emergency.
Mental Health Awareness Month should be more than a season of slogans. It should be a summons.
A summons to build the system we promised when we emptied the institutions.
A summons to defend those who cannot defend themselves.
A summons to stop calling neglect compassion.
The question is not whether we care about people with severe mental illness. The question is whether we have the courage to act before their suffering becomes irreversible.
For Abraham, his family, and thousands like them, that courage is already long overdue.
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Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D., is the Constance and Stephen Lieber Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
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The best way to begin something new—in love, work, and life.
Self Tests are all about you. Are you outgoing or introverted? Are you a narcissist? Does perfectionism hold you back? Find out the answers to these questions and more with Psychology Today.
